Abstract

Objectives: This paper aims to evaluate the microbiological quality of raw milk in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan, and to identify factors influencing its safety. Despite widespread consumption of raw milk in the districts, limited data exist at the district level regarding bacterial contamination and potential public health risks. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, in which 80 raw milk samples were collected from cow and buffalo sources across four districts during different seasons. Standard microbiological methods were employed to determine total bacterial load and to detect coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli as indicators of hygiene and potential health hazards. The study assessed the influence of animal source, seasonal variation, and local handling practices on milk contamination. Results: Considerable variations in microbial contamination were observed among districts, seasons, and milk sources. Higher bacterial counts were recorded during warmer periods compared to winter, and cow milk showed greater contamination than buffalo milk. Districts with poor sanitation and inadequate handling practices exhibited higher microbial loads. The presence of hygiene-related bacteria in a significant proportion of samples indicates suboptimal milking, storage, and transportation conditions. Conclusion: Consumption of raw milk in the study area may pose public health risks. The study underscores the need for improved hygienic practices, farmer awareness programs, and routine monitoring of milk quality. These findings provide baseline data to support food safety planning and future research on microbiological quality of raw milk in Nangarhar Province.